What is Protein & its properties , functions

Protein

Protein is complex organic nitrogenous compound composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Sources :

Meats , Fish , Milk , Egg, Vegetables etc.

protien foods

Properties of protein :

·         Protein are colloidal in nature.

·         They are generally soluble in water , weak  salt solution, dilute acids and alkalies.

·         Protein undergo coagulation by heat and strong acid.

·         Each protein has got a particular isoelectric pH at which it can be precipitated.

·         Protein are denatured by many kinds of physical or chemical treatment such as shaking, change of reaction , addition of neutral salt etc.

Functional important of protein

·         Its acts as a growth material for the organism.

·         It repairs the wear and tear of the body.

·         To increase flesh, body weight etc. Cells mostly contain protein.

·         It forms buffer system of the body and helps in oxygen carriage.

·         It acts as a part of fuel of organism.

·         It provides energy to the body e.g- 4.1 kal/gm.

·         Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure etc.

·         It helps in the formation of enzymes, hormones antibody etc.

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Mechanism of action of Penicillin

Mechanism of action of Penicillin

            Penicillin first binds with specific penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that serves as drug receptor on bacteria. Then –

Ø  Penicillin acts as a selective inhibitor of transpeptidase enzyme . So the transpeptidation (cross-linking) reaction is inhibited and peptidoglycine synthesis is blocked. As a result a fragile cell membrane is formed and thus cell membrane permeability increased . Now fluid goes inside the cell due to hypertonic internal osmotic pressure . The bacterial cell becomes swollen and ultimately the cell explodes and lysed.

penicillin

Ø  Penicillin actives an autolytic enzyme by removing or inactivating the inhibitor  of autolytic enzyme in the cell wall – activated autolytic enzyme causes lysis of the bacterial cell wall in isotonic environment –Death  of the bacteria .   

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General structure of penicillin

                   Structure of Penicillin

                Penicillin consists of a Thiazolidine ring (α) attached to a β – lactam ring . 

The rings constitute the fundamental nucleus of all the penicillin called 6-amino-penicillanic acid (6-APA).  β- lactam ring carries a free amino group to which acid radical can be attached to synthesis a newer penicillin.

structure of penicillin

·         β-lactam ring is responsible for the antibiotic action of the penicillin.

·         Thiazolidine ring  is responsible for absorption, distribution and hypersensitivity reaction of the penicillin.

·         Different radicals attached to free amino group determine the pharmacological properties of the new drug.

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Indication of Penicillin

Indication of Penicillin

A)    Pneumococcal  infection :

·        Pneumococcal pneumonia

·        Pneumococcal empyema

·        Pneumococcal meningitis

·        Other pneumococcal infections

Suppurative arthritis , Osteomyelitis , Acute suppurative mastoiditis , Peritonitis.

B)    Streptococcal infection :

·        Pharyngitis

·        Pneumonia

·        Meningitis

·        Arthritis

·        Endocarditis

·        Infection of conjunctiva

C)    Meningococcal infection : Meningitis.

D)   Gonococcal  infection :

·        Gonorrhea

·        Gonococcal arthritis

·        Gonococcal urethritis

E)     Syphilis

F)     Actinomycosis

G)   Diphtheria

H)   Anthrax , tetanus

I)       Rat-flee bite  fever, erysipeloid 

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