Volatile oil and its properties

What is the volatile oil ?

  A volatile oil are the odorous constituents of various plant parts which evaporates on exposure to air at normal temperature. They are also called essential oil because they represents the essences or odoriferous constituents of the plants. They are mono and sesquiterpenes in nature and obtained from the sap and tissues of certain plants.

   Chemically volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbon or oxygenated derivatives of hydrocarbon. 

         The odor and taste of volatile oil mainly determined by the oxygenated derivatives. They may also contain hydrogenated or dehydrogenated derivatives of the hydrocarbon . All the volatile oils are of vegetable origin & are secreted in oil cells in secretion ducts or cavities or in glandular hairs.

 

 Properties of Volatiles oil :

1.   Volatile oils are colourless liquid, particularly when they are fresh. But on long standing they may oxidize, thus darkening in colour.
2.  They possess characteristic odor.
3.   They have high refractive index and most of them are optically active.
4.   They are immiscible with water but freely soluble in organic solvents such as ether , chloroform,  alcohol etc. This solubility is due to the oxygenated constituents in the volatile oil.
5.   When shaken with sufficient amount of water the odory principle of the oil is partly dissolved.

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What is Protein & its properties , functions

Protein

Protein is complex organic nitrogenous compound composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Sources :

Meats , Fish , Milk , Egg, Vegetables etc.

protien foods

Properties of protein :

·         Protein are colloidal in nature.

·         They are generally soluble in water , weak  salt solution, dilute acids and alkalies.

·         Protein undergo coagulation by heat and strong acid.

·         Each protein has got a particular isoelectric pH at which it can be precipitated.

·         Protein are denatured by many kinds of physical or chemical treatment such as shaking, change of reaction , addition of neutral salt etc.

Functional important of protein

·         Its acts as a growth material for the organism.

·         It repairs the wear and tear of the body.

·         To increase flesh, body weight etc. Cells mostly contain protein.

·         It forms buffer system of the body and helps in oxygen carriage.

·         It acts as a part of fuel of organism.

·         It provides energy to the body e.g- 4.1 kal/gm.

·         Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure etc.

·         It helps in the formation of enzymes, hormones antibody etc.

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Mechanism of action of Penicillin

Mechanism of action of Penicillin

            Penicillin first binds with specific penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that serves as drug receptor on bacteria. Then –

Ø  Penicillin acts as a selective inhibitor of transpeptidase enzyme . So the transpeptidation (cross-linking) reaction is inhibited and peptidoglycine synthesis is blocked. As a result a fragile cell membrane is formed and thus cell membrane permeability increased . Now fluid goes inside the cell due to hypertonic internal osmotic pressure . The bacterial cell becomes swollen and ultimately the cell explodes and lysed.

penicillin

Ø  Penicillin actives an autolytic enzyme by removing or inactivating the inhibitor  of autolytic enzyme in the cell wall – activated autolytic enzyme causes lysis of the bacterial cell wall in isotonic environment –Death  of the bacteria .   

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General structure of penicillin

                   Structure of Penicillin

                Penicillin consists of a Thiazolidine ring (α) attached to a β – lactam ring . 

The rings constitute the fundamental nucleus of all the penicillin called 6-amino-penicillanic acid (6-APA).  β- lactam ring carries a free amino group to which acid radical can be attached to synthesis a newer penicillin.

structure of penicillin

·         β-lactam ring is responsible for the antibiotic action of the penicillin.

·         Thiazolidine ring  is responsible for absorption, distribution and hypersensitivity reaction of the penicillin.

·         Different radicals attached to free amino group determine the pharmacological properties of the new drug.

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Indication of Penicillin

Indication of Penicillin

A)    Pneumococcal  infection :

·        Pneumococcal pneumonia

·        Pneumococcal empyema

·        Pneumococcal meningitis

·        Other pneumococcal infections

Suppurative arthritis , Osteomyelitis , Acute suppurative mastoiditis , Peritonitis.

B)    Streptococcal infection :

·        Pharyngitis

·        Pneumonia

·        Meningitis

·        Arthritis

·        Endocarditis

·        Infection of conjunctiva

C)    Meningococcal infection : Meningitis.

D)   Gonococcal  infection :

·        Gonorrhea

·        Gonococcal arthritis

·        Gonococcal urethritis

E)     Syphilis

F)     Actinomycosis

G)   Diphtheria

H)   Anthrax , tetanus

I)       Rat-flee bite  fever, erysipeloid 

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Pharmaceutical Aids and Technical Products

Pharmaceutical Aids and Technical Products 

   A number of natural products find use in various fields in addition to medicine and pharmacy. These products are called technical products which are used in beverages, condiments, flavoring agent spices , paints ,varnishes and cosmetics.

pharmaceutical aids

Pharmaceutical aids 

For the production of drug various techniques like as purification, filtration, adsorption, solubilization, absorption, suspension, emulsification etc. are employed. A number of natural products are used in these techniques. Flavoring, coloring, coating and perfuming agents are used in drug industries. These agents possess little or no therapeutic value but they are used in the preparation of many pharmaceutical aids which may be of plant, animal, mineral or synthetic origin.
   In pharmaceutical industry Glucose and sucrose are sweeting and coating products. Agar is used as emulsifying agent & cultural media. Acacia and tragacanth are employed as binding suspending and emulsifying agents. Most of the volatile oils are flavouring products. Fixed oils like olive, Seasame, Cottonseed and castor oils act as emollients and vehicles for drugs. Chlorophyll, Cochineal and saffron are the natural dyes used as coloring agents. Shellac is used for coating confections and medicinal tablets. Kaolin is employed externally as dusting power , filtering and cleaning agent.

Technical Products 

    In perfumery the natural substances Lavender. Sandalwood , Citronella, Balsam of peru. Balsam of Tolu and storax are used as technical products. Soaps are prepared from fatty acids of Castor oil. Cottonseed oil and Peanut oil. Coconut oil, Castor oil and Henna find use in hair dressings. Benzoin is added in lotions.
In food industry Acacia, Agar, alginates, Starches and Sterculia gum are used in confection and bakery products.
  In Tobacco Glycyrrhiza and Vanilla are used in cigarettes, cigars, snuffs and other products. In textile industry Acacia, Agar, Alginates, Catechu, Cotton, Gambir, Rosin, Starch and Sterculia gum are employed.

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Classification of Penicillin with source and function

Classification of Penicillin

According to the source :

A)     Natural penicillin

Oral: (1) Phenoxy-methyl-penicillin ( Penicillin- v), (2) Phenethicillin

penicillin

Parenteral : Benzyl penicillin ( Penicillin-G ).

B)      Semisynthetic  penicillin (β-lactamase resistance)

1)      Narrow spectrum penicillin ( penicillinase resistance ):

Oxacillin ,Cloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin, Methicillin

2)      Broad spectrum penicillin :

a)      Penicillin which are active against both Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) bacteria and also effective apart from the organism  (H. influenza, E.coli) sensitive to penicillin-G:

Ampicillin, Amoxacillin, Hetacillin.

b)      Penicillin having borader actions than the above group :

Carbenicillin, Tricarcillin, Azlocillin

c)       Newer penicillin :

Mezlocillin, Pivmecillin, Piperacillin .

According to the duration of action :

1)      Short acting penicillin (4-6 hours) : most of the penicillin:

Ampicillin, Amoxacillin , Penicillin-V, Penicillin-G, Hetacillin, Carbenicillin, Tricarcillin , Azlocillin, Mezlocillin, Piperacillin.

2)      Long acting penicillin :

Benzyl penicillin (7-30 days ), Benethamine penicillin (2-3 days), Procaine penicillin (12-24hours)      

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