Indication of Penicillin

Indication of Penicillin

A)    Pneumococcal  infection :

·        Pneumococcal pneumonia

·        Pneumococcal empyema

·        Pneumococcal meningitis

·        Other pneumococcal infections

Suppurative arthritis , Osteomyelitis , Acute suppurative mastoiditis , Peritonitis.

B)    Streptococcal infection :

·        Pharyngitis

·        Pneumonia

·        Meningitis

·        Arthritis

·        Endocarditis

·        Infection of conjunctiva

C)    Meningococcal infection : Meningitis.

D)   Gonococcal  infection :

·        Gonorrhea

·        Gonococcal arthritis

·        Gonococcal urethritis

E)     Syphilis

F)     Actinomycosis

G)   Diphtheria

H)   Anthrax , tetanus

I)       Rat-flee bite  fever, erysipeloid 

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Pharmaceutical Aids and Technical Products

Pharmaceutical Aids and Technical Products 

   A number of natural products find use in various fields in addition to medicine and pharmacy. These products are called technical products which are used in beverages, condiments, flavoring agent spices , paints ,varnishes and cosmetics.

pharmaceutical aids

Pharmaceutical aids 

For the production of drug various techniques like as purification, filtration, adsorption, solubilization, absorption, suspension, emulsification etc. are employed. A number of natural products are used in these techniques. Flavoring, coloring, coating and perfuming agents are used in drug industries. These agents possess little or no therapeutic value but they are used in the preparation of many pharmaceutical aids which may be of plant, animal, mineral or synthetic origin.
   In pharmaceutical industry Glucose and sucrose are sweeting and coating products. Agar is used as emulsifying agent & cultural media. Acacia and tragacanth are employed as binding suspending and emulsifying agents. Most of the volatile oils are flavouring products. Fixed oils like olive, Seasame, Cottonseed and castor oils act as emollients and vehicles for drugs. Chlorophyll, Cochineal and saffron are the natural dyes used as coloring agents. Shellac is used for coating confections and medicinal tablets. Kaolin is employed externally as dusting power , filtering and cleaning agent.

Technical Products 

    In perfumery the natural substances Lavender. Sandalwood , Citronella, Balsam of peru. Balsam of Tolu and storax are used as technical products. Soaps are prepared from fatty acids of Castor oil. Cottonseed oil and Peanut oil. Coconut oil, Castor oil and Henna find use in hair dressings. Benzoin is added in lotions.
In food industry Acacia, Agar, alginates, Starches and Sterculia gum are used in confection and bakery products.
  In Tobacco Glycyrrhiza and Vanilla are used in cigarettes, cigars, snuffs and other products. In textile industry Acacia, Agar, Alginates, Catechu, Cotton, Gambir, Rosin, Starch and Sterculia gum are employed.

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Classification of Penicillin with source and function

Classification of Penicillin

According to the source :

A)     Natural penicillin

Oral: (1) Phenoxy-methyl-penicillin ( Penicillin- v), (2) Phenethicillin

penicillin

Parenteral : Benzyl penicillin ( Penicillin-G ).

B)      Semisynthetic  penicillin (β-lactamase resistance)

1)      Narrow spectrum penicillin ( penicillinase resistance ):

Oxacillin ,Cloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Nafcillin, Methicillin

2)      Broad spectrum penicillin :

a)      Penicillin which are active against both Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) bacteria and also effective apart from the organism  (H. influenza, E.coli) sensitive to penicillin-G:

Ampicillin, Amoxacillin, Hetacillin.

b)      Penicillin having borader actions than the above group :

Carbenicillin, Tricarcillin, Azlocillin

c)       Newer penicillin :

Mezlocillin, Pivmecillin, Piperacillin .

According to the duration of action :

1)      Short acting penicillin (4-6 hours) : most of the penicillin:

Ampicillin, Amoxacillin , Penicillin-V, Penicillin-G, Hetacillin, Carbenicillin, Tricarcillin , Azlocillin, Mezlocillin, Piperacillin.

2)      Long acting penicillin :

Benzyl penicillin (7-30 days ), Benethamine penicillin (2-3 days), Procaine penicillin (12-24hours)      

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What is penicillin and Source of Penicillin

PENICILLINS

It is the oldest member of bactericidal antibiotics . Sir Alexander  Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

In 1940 Chain , Folery and their  associates first produce significant quantities  of penicillin from cultures of Penicillium  notatum . 

Penicillins are lipid insoluble. 

penicillin

Cannot cross the blood brain barrier.

Can cross the placental barrier.

Source of Penicillin :

1. Natural : Penicillum notatum (previously)

penicillin

Penicillium chrysogennum (now a day )

2. Synthetic.

3. Semisynthetic.

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functional importance of carbohydrates

carbohydrates

Functional importance of carbohydrate

·         Ready source of energy .

·       -  It also constitutes the structural material of the organism.

·      -   Acts as important storage of food material of the body.

·    -     Protein and fat metabolized on the back ground of carbohydrate.

·        - It gives nutrition to the nervous tissue & retina.

·       -  It prevents ketosis.

·      -   Carbohydrate is a protein sparer, that is -carbohydrate is burned in preference to the burning of protein.  

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Rickets disease and changes in rickets

Rickets

Rickets

Features of Rickets : 

Rickets

                 This occurs in children who are not exposed to sunlight and whose diet is deficient in vitamin D as well . Typically this was (it is no longer common in western world ) thus a disease of the poor European children .

The changes in rickets are follows :

·           In the bone , the calcium content is low and the bones becomes  therefore soft. Such bones bow when they bear weight as in femur and tibia.

·         The process of ossification in cartilaginous bone is retarded . Normally the cartilage is first calcified, then removed and then new bones are deposited. In rickets, the calcification of the cartilage is poor , the cartilage cells continue to proliferate and the shaft becomes broad and irregular.

Rarely the rickets may be due to disease ( destruction ) of the kidney ( renal rickets ).   

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Spinal cord

SPINAL CORD -
The spinal cord is the part of CNS which is contained within the vertebral canal & is the prolongation of the brain.It  is surrounded by a clear fluid called Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), that acts as a cushion to protect the delicate nerve tissues against damage from banging against the inside of the vertebrae.

The anatomy of the spinal cord itself, consists of millions of nerve fibres which transmit electrical information to and from the limbs, trunk and organs of the body, back to and from the brain. The nerves which exit the spinal cord in the upper section, the neck, control breathing and the arms. The nerves which exit the spinal cord in the mid and lower section of the back, control the trunk and legs, as well as bladder, bowel and sexual function.
The brain and spinal cord are referred to as the Central Nervous System, whilst the nerves connecting the spinal cord to the body are referred to as the Peripheral Nervous System.
It develops from that portion of neural tube which lies caudal to the level of the 4th pair of somites.

It is about 45 cm (18'') long & about 1.25 cm (1/2'') wide.

 
Extention:
                      From the horizontal plane passing between the middle of the odontoid  process of the 2nd cervical vertebrata & terminates below in a conical extremity , the conus medullaris at the lower border of the body of 1st lumber vertebra.

Enlargements:
                                It present two enlargements -  Cervical & Lumber. The cervical enlargement extends  from the level of 3rd cervical to the 2nd thoracic segment of the spinal cord. From this enlargement nerves for the upper extremities emerge out.
The lumbar enlargement extends from the ninth thoracic vertebra to the twelfth thoracic vertebra. From it nerves for lower extremities emerge out.


Filum terminale :
                                   A delicate, thread like non-nervous filament, about 20 cms long. Extends from the lower end of conus medullaries and terminates by being attached to the dorsal aspect of first coccygeal vertebra.

Coverings :
                        It has three covering , from without in-words-dura mater, arachnoid & pia mater is subarachnoid space which contain CSF and extends as down as the 2nd sacral vertebra.

Parts of Spinal cord :
Onbcross section, the spinal cord has two parts-
1) Central _ grey mater :It is composed of a mass of nerve cells, nerve fibers consisting of both  
    axons & dendrons together  witha framework of neuroglial cells.It is divided into two symetrical
    halves which are connected by a transverse band , resemble the letter H. It has three column
    (horn) -
    a) Anterior horn.
    b)Lateral horn (only in thoracic horn) &
    c)Posterior horn.
2) Peripheral - white matter : It surrounds the grey matter and consists of nerve fibres & neuroglia. It appear as white because most of the fibre are myelinated.
3) Central canal : It exists through out the spinal cord and is continuous above with the inferior angle of 4th ventiricle and below it expands as far down as 2'' within filum terminale.

Function of Spinal cord :

   1) It is the main pathway for all incoming and outgoing impulses from the higher center to the
       periphery & vice versa.
  2) It is the main center of reflex actives.
  3) It exerts tropic control over the muscular system.

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