Picture of human Brain

The brain is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body,central nervous system (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made of nerves. 

3d human brain

Brain

Diagram of human brain

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Human anatomy 3D view

3d anatomy of human body, anatomy of human body, Pictures, Click this 

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New digital blood pressure machine for home use

digital blood pressure machine

Smart phone blood pressure machine

digital blood pressure machine

Easy digital blood pressure machine

blood pressure machine

latestblood pressure machine

Automatic digital blood pressure machine

blood pressure machine

digital blood pressure machine

Easy high blood pressure machine

latest digital blood pressure machine

blood pressure machine 

Automatic Operation Extra Large Digital Display for Systolic.High blood pressure OR Renal Denervation Hypertension Treatment, clinical use and also suitable for homeor self assessment

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Volatile oil and its properties

What is the volatile oil ?

  A volatile oil are the odorous constituents of various plant parts which evaporates on exposure to air at normal temperature. They are also called essential oil because they represents the essences or odoriferous constituents of the plants. They are mono and sesquiterpenes in nature and obtained from the sap and tissues of certain plants.

   Chemically volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbon or oxygenated derivatives of hydrocarbon. 

         The odor and taste of volatile oil mainly determined by the oxygenated derivatives. They may also contain hydrogenated or dehydrogenated derivatives of the hydrocarbon . All the volatile oils are of vegetable origin & are secreted in oil cells in secretion ducts or cavities or in glandular hairs.

 

 Properties of Volatiles oil :

1.   Volatile oils are colourless liquid, particularly when they are fresh. But on long standing they may oxidize, thus darkening in colour.
2.  They possess characteristic odor.
3.   They have high refractive index and most of them are optically active.
4.   They are immiscible with water but freely soluble in organic solvents such as ether , chloroform,  alcohol etc. This solubility is due to the oxygenated constituents in the volatile oil.
5.   When shaken with sufficient amount of water the odory principle of the oil is partly dissolved.

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What is Protein & its properties , functions

Protein

Protein is complex organic nitrogenous compound composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Sources :

Meats , Fish , Milk , Egg, Vegetables etc.

protien foods

Properties of protein :

·         Protein are colloidal in nature.

·         They are generally soluble in water , weak  salt solution, dilute acids and alkalies.

·         Protein undergo coagulation by heat and strong acid.

·         Each protein has got a particular isoelectric pH at which it can be precipitated.

·         Protein are denatured by many kinds of physical or chemical treatment such as shaking, change of reaction , addition of neutral salt etc.

Functional important of protein

·         Its acts as a growth material for the organism.

·         It repairs the wear and tear of the body.

·         To increase flesh, body weight etc. Cells mostly contain protein.

·         It forms buffer system of the body and helps in oxygen carriage.

·         It acts as a part of fuel of organism.

·         It provides energy to the body e.g- 4.1 kal/gm.

·         Maintains colloidal osmotic pressure etc.

·         It helps in the formation of enzymes, hormones antibody etc.

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Mechanism of action of Penicillin

Mechanism of action of Penicillin

            Penicillin first binds with specific penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that serves as drug receptor on bacteria. Then –

Ø  Penicillin acts as a selective inhibitor of transpeptidase enzyme . So the transpeptidation (cross-linking) reaction is inhibited and peptidoglycine synthesis is blocked. As a result a fragile cell membrane is formed and thus cell membrane permeability increased . Now fluid goes inside the cell due to hypertonic internal osmotic pressure . The bacterial cell becomes swollen and ultimately the cell explodes and lysed.

penicillin

Ø  Penicillin actives an autolytic enzyme by removing or inactivating the inhibitor  of autolytic enzyme in the cell wall – activated autolytic enzyme causes lysis of the bacterial cell wall in isotonic environment –Death  of the bacteria .   

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General structure of penicillin

                   Structure of Penicillin

                Penicillin consists of a Thiazolidine ring (α) attached to a β – lactam ring . 

The rings constitute the fundamental nucleus of all the penicillin called 6-amino-penicillanic acid (6-APA).  β- lactam ring carries a free amino group to which acid radical can be attached to synthesis a newer penicillin.

structure of penicillin

·         β-lactam ring is responsible for the antibiotic action of the penicillin.

·         Thiazolidine ring  is responsible for absorption, distribution and hypersensitivity reaction of the penicillin.

·         Different radicals attached to free amino group determine the pharmacological properties of the new drug.

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